Supporting Good Practice in Managing Employee Relations

Reasons for importance of employment status The Employment Rights Act 1996 defines status of employees legally. Some of the benefits include being aware of one’s rights, to help the government determine the revenue and its effect on status of employment, and to determine the percentages for taxes and insurance according to the employment laid by the government.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Supporting Good Practice in Managing Employee Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The self-employed in the UK can claim expenses against tax bills. It also affects how one pays tax to governments. In the UK for instance, a self-employed person is required to pay class 2 NICs. This is associated with benefits such as the basic state pension and maternity leaves among others. Work life balance Work-life balance is the management of juggling acts that revolves around paid work and other personal activitie s. There are many advantages of life-work balance, these include reduced turnover and improved retention and recruitment, improved employee morale and engagement, and reduced stress, health costs and absenteeism among others. Support for employee as a family member Laws require organizations to support their employees as family members. In the UK, labor laws accord workers the right to request flexible working time and time off for care of dependents. The flexible working includes job sharing, working from homes, and working part time among others. The Working Time Regulations 1998 also require that parents and families get maternity, paternity, adoption and dependent leaves (The Working Time Regulations, 1998). As much as organizations care about making profits, they should also consider the needs of their employees. Discrimination Organizations may discriminate against a particular race when considering promotion and salary increments. Sex discrimination may take a form of limitin g promotion of women and salary increment on the basis of future pregnancy (Crosby, 2007). It is also discriminatory to give job training to younger employees and leave out old ones. More so, assign particular responsibility to particular age and not others is also discriminatory. Furthermore, refusing to install wheelchair ramps is discriminatory to disabled employees (Crosby, 2007).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fair and Unfair dismissal Fair dismissal occurs when an employee is dismissed due to breach of employment contract. Employment contract can be fairly terminated basing on issues of improper conducts that negatively affect organizations’ reputation and redundancy or statutory obligation that the organization has to follow (Turner, 2013). On the other hand, unfair dismissal is harsh, unjust and unreasonable termination of employee contract. When an employee is dismissed on grounds of his or her physical condition such as pregnancy or other reasons such as family issues, it is considered as an unfair dismissal (Turner, 2013). Exit interviews Benefits to organizations Exit information can be used to reduce costly turnover at the same increase employee productivity and engagement. Allows retention of core competence within the organization Improve quality of employee selection and recruitment Builds good employee perception of the company (Hammonds Kapusta, 2003) Benefits to employee Helps employee to discover that he/she is highly regarded Provides peace to the employee Helps employee identify key weakness (Hammonds Kapusta, 2003) Redundancy The redundancy key stages include planning the redundancy, looking for alternatives to redundancy, and developing a timeline plan depending on the agreed redundancy situation (How to make people redundant – a step-by-step guide, 2005). Redundancy affects the size and the structu re of an organization. It also affects the financial area, whereby an organization gets to solve an economic problem. The flowchart below shows the three key stages of redundancy. References Crosby, F. J. (2007). Sex discrimination in the workplace. Oxford u.a.: Blackwell. Hammonds, D., Kapusta, K. B. (2003). HR how-to: Employment law, everything you need to know to comply with the laws that govern every stage of the employment relationship. Chicago, Ill: CCH.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Supporting Good Practice in Managing Employee Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Working Time Regulations. (1998). Retrieved from http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1998/1833/contents/made Turner, C. (2013). Unlocking Employment Law. Routledge, NY. This research paper on Supporting Good Practice in Managing Employee Relations was written and submitted by user Fernanda R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Famous Female Chemists and Chemical Engineers

Famous Female Chemists and Chemical Engineers Women have made many important contributions to the fields of chemistry and chemical engineering. Heres a list of female scientists and a summary of the research or inventions that made them famous. Jacqueline Barton - (USA, born 1952) Jacqueline Barton probes DNA with electrons. She uses custom-made molecules to locate genes and study their arrangement. She has shown that some damaged DNA molecules do not conduct electricity. Ruth Benerito - (USA, born 1916) Ruth Benerito invented wash-and-wear cotton fabric. Chemical treatment of the cotton surface not only reduced wrinkles, but could be used to make it flame resistant and stain resistant. Ruth Erica Benesch - (1925-2000) Ruth Benesch and her husband Reinhold made a discovery that helped explain how hemoglobin releases oxygen in the body. They learned that carbon dioxide functions as an indicator molecule, causing hemoglobin to release oxygen where carbon dioxide concentrations are high. Joan Berkowitz - (USA, born 1931) Joan Berkowitz is a chemist and environmental consultant. She uses her command of chemistry to help solve problems with pollution and industrial waste. Carolyn Bertozzi - (USA, born 1966) Carolyn Bertozzi has helped design artificial bones that are less likely to cause reactions or lead to rejection than their predecessors. She has helped create contact lenses that are better-tolerated by the cornea of the eye. Hazel Bishop - (USA, 1906–1998) Hazel Bishop is the inventor of smear-proof lipstick. In 1971, Hazel Bishop became the first female member of the Chemists’ Club in New York. Corale Brierley Stephanie Burns Mary Letitia Caldwell Emma Perry Carr - (USA, 1880–1972) Emma Carr helped to make Mount Holyoke, a womens college, into a chemistry research center. She offered undergraduate students the opportunity to conduct their own original resarch. Uma Chowdhry Pamela Clark Mildred Cohn Gerty Theresa Cori Shirley O. Corriher Erika Cremer Marie Curie - Marie Curie pioneered radioactivity research. She was the first two-time Nobel laureate and the only person to win the award in two different sciences (Linus Pauling won Chemistry and Peace). She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. Marie Curie was the first female professor at the Sorbonne. Irà ©ne Joliot-Curie - Irà ©ne Joliot-Curie was awarded the 1935 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for synthesis of new radioactive elements. The prize was shared jointly with her husband Jean Frà ©dà ©ric Joliot. Marie Daly - (USA, 1921–2003) In 1947, Marie Daly became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry. The majority of her career was spent as a college professor. In addition to her research, she developed programs to attract and aid minority students in medical and graduate school. Kathryn Hach Darrow Cecile Hoover Edwards Gertrude Belle Elion Gladys L. A. Emerson Mary Fieser Edith Flanigen - (USA, born 1929) In the 1960s, Edith Flanigen invented a process for making synthetic emeralds. In addition to their use for making beautiful jewelry, the perfect emeralds made it possible to make powerful microwave lasers. In 1992, Flanigen received the first Perkin Medal ever awarded to a woman, for her work synthesizing zeolites. Linda K. Ford Rosalind Franklin - (Great Britain, 1920–1958) Rosalind Franklin used x-ray crystallography to see the structure of DNA. Watson and Crick used her data to propose the double-stranded helical structure of the DNA molecule. The Nobel Prize could only be awarded to living persons, so she could not be included when Watson and Crick were formally recognized with the 1962 Nobel Prize in medicine or physiology. She also used x-ray crystallography to study the structure of the tobacco mosaic virus. Helen M. Free Dianne D. Gates-Anderson Mary Lowe Good Barbara Grant Alice Hamilton - (USA, 1869–1970) Alice Hamilton was a chemist and physician who directed the first governmental commission to investigate industrial hazards in the workplace, such as exposure to dangerous chemicals. Because of her work, laws were passed to protect employees from occupational hazards. In 1919 she became the first female faculty member of Harvard Medical School. Anna Harrison Gladys Hobby Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin - Dorothy Crowfoot-Hodgkin (Great Britain) was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for using x-rays to determine the structure of biologically important molecules. Darleane Hoffman M. Katharine Holloway - (USA, born 1957) M. Katharine Holloway and Chen Zhao are two of the chemists who developed protease inhibitors to inactivate the HIV virus, greatly extending the lives of AIDS patients. Linda L. Huff Allene Rosalind Jeanes Mae Jemison - (USA, born 1956) Mae Jemison is a retired medical doctor and American astronaut. In 1992, she became the first black woman in space. She holds a degree in chemical engineering from Stanford and a degree in medicine from Cornell. She remains very active in science and technology. Fran Keeth Laura Kiessling Reatha Clark King Judith Klinman Stephanie Kwolek Marie-Anne Lavoisier - (France, circa 1780) Lavoisiers wife was his colleague. She translated documents from English for him and prepared sketches and engravings of laboratory instruments. She hosted parties at which prominent scientists could discuss chemistry and other scientific ideas. Rachel Lloyd Shannon Lucid - (USA, born 1943) Shannon Lucid as an American biochemist and US astronaut. For a while, she held the American record for the most time in space. She studies the effects of space on human health, often using her own body as a test subject. Mary Lyon - (USA, 1797–1849) Mary Lyon founded Mount Holyoke College in Massachusetts, one of the first womens colleges. At the time, most colleges taught chemistry as a lecture-only class. Lyon made lab exercises and experiments an integral part of undergraduate chemistry education. Her method became popular. Most modern chemistry classes include a lab component. Lena Qiying Ma Jane Marcet Lise Meitner  - Lise Meitner (November 17, 1878 – October 27, 1968) was an Austrian/Swedish physicist who studied radioactivity and nuclear physics. She was part of the team that discovered nuclear fission, for which Otto Hahn received a Nobel Prize. Maud Menten Marie Meurdrac Helen Vaughn Michel Amalie Emmy Noether  - (born in Germany, 1882-1935) Emmy Noether was a mathematician, not a chemist, but her mathematical description of the conservation laws for energy, angular momentum, and linear momentum has been invaluable in spectroscopy and other branches of chemistry. She is responsible for Noethers theorem in theoretical physics, the Lasker–Noether theorem in commutative algebra, the concept of Noetherian rings, and was co-founder of the theory of central simple algebras. Ida Tacke Noddack Mary Engle Pennington Elsa Reichmanis Ellen Swallow Richards Jane S. Richardson  - (USA, born 1941) Jane Richardson, a biochemistry professor at Duke University, is best-known for her hand-drawn and computer-generated portaits of proteins. The graphics help scientists understand how proteins are made and how they function. Janet Rideout Margaret Hutchinson Rousseau Florence Seibert Melissa Sherman Maxine Singer  - (USA, born 1931) Maxine Singer specializes in recombinant DNA technology. She studies how disease-causing genes jump within DNA. She helped formulate the NIHs ethical guidelines for genetic engineering. Barbara Sitzman Susan Solomon Kathleen Taylor Susan S. Taylor Martha Jane Bergin Thomas Margaret E. M. Tolbert Rosalyn Yalow Chen Zhao  - (born 1956) M. Katharine Holloway and Chen Zhao are two of the chemists who developed protease inhibitors to inactivate the HIV virus, greatly extending the lives of AIDS patients.

Establishing Effective Working Relationships Essay

Establishing Effective Working Relationships - Essay Example These are orienting the learner to the practice setting, encouraging the patient acceptance of the learner and the role of the practice as a teaching facility, adapting the patient schedule while working with the learner, keeping the flow going, and finding some time to teach the students. The efficient and effective orientation includes the establishment of a system that can orient learners to help assure the teacher that he or she will be able to cover all the relevant points with each learner. Some preceptors tend to use the checklist in reminding the learners of the topics that are to be covered while clarifying his or her expectation. If learners are made to be available throughout, it can help save time in writing out procedures, policies, expectations and responding to questions after the learner reviews the handout. Letting learners note their past experiences reviewed in previous meetings can also be an effective step in assessing the levels and skills of the students. As an orientation process, the development of 5-8 rotation objectives that can be achieved with the learners can help in focusing the process of teaching during the rotation process. Preceptors that adopt the process to write the rotation objectives down and make sure they are hanging in the clinical area to create awareness to other staff of the interest of the learner. Encouraging other staff to take part in the orientation process lightens the workload and helps the staff to feel that they have invested in the education of the learner.

Based Occupational Therapy for Adolescent Children Research Proposal

Based Occupational Therapy for Adolescent Children - Research Proposal Example Some agencies are starting to get involve in the public information campaign on various drug prevention and control programs whereby it adheres to the idea of using social influence and role playing to discourage adolescents from starting drug use and encourage them to refuse drugs in the future and consequently improve children's social health status. Historically, human infants are born without any culture. There must be transformation by their parents, teachers, and others into cultural and socially proficiently animals. The overall process of acquiring culture is referred to as socialization. During socialization, people learn the language of the culture they are born into, so as the roles they are to play in life. For instance, girls learn how to be daughters, wives, sisters, friends, and mothers. In addition, they learn about the occupational roles that their society has in store for them. People also learn and usually adopt culture's norms through the socialization process. Norms are the conceptions of appropriate and expected behavior that are held by most members of the society. While socialization refers to the general process of acquiring culture, anthropologists use the term enculturation during the socialization process to a particular culture. Early childhood is the period of the most intense and the most critical so cialization. It is then that we acquire language and learn the fundamentals of our culture. It is also when much of one's personality takes shape. But, note that if one continue to be socialized throughout lifetime. As people age, we enter new statuses and need to learn the appropriate roles for them. We also have experiences that teach us lessons and potentially lead us to alter our expectations, beliefs, and personality. For instance, the unpleasant experience of being raped would tend to cause a woman to be distrustful of others. According to Stoffel and Moyers (2004), individuals with problem on substance abuse are often referred to occupational therapy with the help of professional that deals more on self care, productivity through purposeful activities to help achieve the client's full recovery. Occupational therapy is a therapeutic activity or workshop that provides real life experiences to enhance individual's personality uplift self and has a meaningful life by means of rehabilitation. The major role of occupational therapists is to help the client become a successful member of the society again by allowing individual to develop a healthy lifestyle and participate in therapeutic activities (Gerrie ter Haar and James J. Busuttil 2005). Gordon (2003) stated that individual should change old habits by learning new skills and living a balance life that changes addictive behaviors to positive lifestyle, which uniquely outfitted to occupational therapy. Occupational therapy teaches skills to establish individual's role in the community. The purpose is to help individual balance responsibilities through learning effective coping strategies can communicate effectively and can be able adjust to stressful

AIRPORT PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

AIRPORT PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT - Essay Example According to London City Airport (2006: 10), LCA Master Plan indicates that the airport is in a position of accommodating 8 million passengers up to 2030. This is anticipated to occur in line with continued support of London growth, and meeting the increment in the demand for business travel. Moreover, the LCA Master Plan illustrates that the airport focuses on maintaining good neighbourhood with local citizens and environmental record. In addition, the plan illustrates that the airport will maintain its operational hours of closing at night during weekdays, and operating 24 hours during weekends (London City Airport 2006: 10). Further, the Master Plan claims that the airport will neither create another runway nor will it host larger aeroplanes. As such, the airport focuses on achieving its growth through maximization of its runway, creation of better facilities, and improving flight occupancy for passengers. Finally, LCA Master Plan indicates that passenger growth will increase duri ng the Olympic Games and employment opportunities will be created through the implementation of the Master Plan (London City Airport 2006: 10). The purpose of LCA Master Plan is to indicate the growth potential of the airport up to 2030 (London City Airport 2006: 10). The Master Plan was prepared in response to 2003 government requirement on White Paper that all UK airports have to develop Master Plans, which indicate growth in response to passenger demand. As such, LCA Master Plan indicates how to optimize on the current runways without a need of constructing new runways. In addition, LCA Master Plan reflects White Paper principles, as well as how the airport intends to make objectives outlined in the Master Plan a reality. LCA Master Plan illustrates how the airport intends to have a growth of 8 million passengers by 2030, minimize noise, and maintain environmental sustainability (London

Role Of Media Selection In Effective Advertising Media Essay

Role Of Media Selection In Effective Advertising Media Essay This study will describe the consideration for effective advertising about the media selecting process. Main objectives of this paper are, to determine the relationship between advertising and role of media selection; to set up the foundation for checking the effective advertising and media performance for the promotion of consumer product; to assist the corporate sector and media agencies to select that media for the advertising of their products and services which is most effective and approachable. There is no sufficient research or literature review are available on role of media selection in successful advertising, as a result this research contributes a lot in that area and will show that carefully selected media can make advertising more effective. Keywords-consumer, media selection, promotion Introduction Advertising is a form of communication used to influence individuals to purchase products or services. It communicates a message that includes the name of the product or service and how that product or service could potentially benefit the consumer. Advertising often attempts to persuade potential customers to purchase or to consume a particular brand of product or service. Firstly a consumer product is generally any tangible personal property for sale and that is used for personal, family, or household for non-business purposes. The determination whether a good is a consumer product requires a factual finding, on a case-by-case basis (Walter Thompson, Keith Mc Arthur (2005) [2]. For advertising effectiveness different media are used to convey their messages for consumer product like print, online, electronic and outdoor media. For advertising effectiveness different media are used to convey their messages for consumer product like print, online, electronic and outdoor media. Secondl y the selection of media according to the target audience is really important for sale and promotion of particular product, because wrong media selection for product cannot convey their core message to the consumers. Online, print and outdoor media are mostly used in cities. On the other hand electronic media used in both villages and cities but specially radio used in rural areas. For the effective advertising, one should choose the media very carefully so message can be easily convey to their target and desire consumer segment in useful and efficient manner after that their advertising become fruitful. As a result in this way our adverting tools become more result oriented and successful. Hence, purpose of this study will be, develop a questionnaire on the variables which were defined above to calculate and checked the media participation in effective advertising. Main question that will be discussed and solved here through analysis is: Does advertising effectiveness depend on intelligent media selection? Literature Latre (2007) explored how the changing role of advertising in marketing is altering the behavior of advertisers and its implications for advertising-supported media. Advertisers are struggling to understand changes in audience media use and to changes in attention paid to commercial messages [1]. Television has increased slightly because of deregulation of the broadcasting markets or increase in cable and satellite expenditures. Radio and outdoor remain stable with a tendency to improve, and internet has emerged as a significant player, confirming the trends apparent in the largest markets. Numberger and Schwaiger (2005) determined compared advertising effectiveness of cross media selection with pure internet and print advertising. Findings suggest that while a combination of internet and print advertising is more effective than only internet advertising with regard to brand attitude, no differences could be confirmed between advertising effectiveness of media combination and print. They founded that the knowledge about internet and cross-media advertising effectiveness. These topics are of interest both for scholars and practitioners, as the internets possibilities are not unequivocally considered and are still developing. Currium and Shoemaker (2005) researched several textbooks, journal articles, and advertising practitioners that indicated the advertising for many products should be directed toward the heavy users of the product category. They suggested that advertising should be directed at current users of a brand to retain them or to users of competitive brands in an effort to attract them. Data Methodology The theoretical framework that can be derived from discussions could be drawn as: Our dependent variable is advertising effectiveness for consumer product that is dependent on the four types of advertising forms given here, also the effective utilization of media are acting as moderating variable which strengthens or weakens the relation of rest of the two variables. Data about advertising effectiveness was collected through these four variables and questionnaire survey was conducted as this method is the vastly used by social science, management, and HRM researchers. Questionnaire survey data can provide useful statistics to the researcher, which can be used to describe how things are and why the phenomena occur (Lewin, 2005). Descriptive statistics can be used to describe and summaries data and include measures of central tendency (average) and dispersion (the spread of data or how close each other is to the measure of central tendency) (Lewin, 2005). Therefore, by using this method it is very easy to quantify the answers to questions, compare and contrast the responses to look for the relationship between variables and enables the generalization of responses. This study has used a self-completion questionnaire also known as self-administered questionnaire. The population of this study was general public and for this sample size of 25 was used. In order to get the overall summary of variable descriptive statistics will be used; moreover correlation will be calculated to find the relationship among different variables. It also shows the direction of relationship between two variables. Analysis Following are the results that are analyzed with the help of SPSS software through the data gathered from questionnaire. Table above is showing the descriptive statistics that depicts the overall picture of all the five variables. There are 5 responses that lead to the options (strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, and strongly agree). Number of observations of each variable is 25. The above table shows the mean, minimum, maximum and std. deviation values respectively. Mean value calculated provides the idea about the central tendency of the values for a variable. For example if we observe the above output to appraise the average response rate or the respondent then we come to know the mean of different variables advertising effectiveness (mean: 3.86), print media (mean: 3.76), online media (mean: 3.72) electronic media (3.71) and outdoor media (mean: 46) respectively. Here we see that for all variables the average response rate of responded are lie within the option 3-4 (3 is for Neutral and 4 is for agree). The minimum option that is ticked by respondents is 3 and the maximum option that is ti cked by respondents is 4. Standard deviation gives the idea about the distribution of the values of a variable from its mean value. So, the value of Standard deviation (S.D.843) which is the high value as compare to other variables values. This shows that most of the respondent answers were not same for the variable and obviously they dont have consistency in their answers. Through correlation its easy to verify the mutual relationship among variables. Table represents the table of correlations. Where all variables print, online, electronic and outdoor media are positively correlated to advertising effectiveness (r = .138, p = .150, r = .150, p = .119, r= .040, p = .680, and r = .031, p = .746) respectively. The magnitudes of the above discussed correlations are greater than 0.30 in the absolute terms (PM, OLM and EM) which shows the moderate correlations between the said pairs of the variables but the correlation of outdoor media (ODM) is lesser than 0.30 in absolute terms, which shows the weak correlation between advertising effectiveness and outdoor media. All the above correlations are statistically significant at less than five percent level of significant. In the case of these correlations the null hypothesis of no correlation are rejected as the P-values are lesser than 0.05. Here also noted that if 100% change in advertising effectiveness then 40%, 30%, 47% and 19% change in advertising effectiveness due to print, online, electronic and outdoor media and 60%, 70%, 53% and 81% due to separately. Results The main objective of our study is to examine the role of media selection in effective advertising. Using a quantitative method that is to test the projected model in the background of Pakistan and to complete our research work has a sample size of 25 consumers and general public. The main purpose of our research report is to lead the researchers and media people which select those media carefully while advertising their consumer products. Early research has been focused on the media selection (e.g. H.C Tai (2006) Numberger and Schwaiger (2005); etc.) but very few studies have been conducted which worked on online media (e.g. Kovacheva (2008); Tsotra and Janson (2007) etc.). So there is sufficient research work is required in case of online and outdoor media in Pakistan. Through a broad literature reviews of articles that emphasis the on media in advertising effectiveness. This study also provides the relation of advertising of consumer products and print, online, electronic and fina lly outdoor media. Questionnaire was developed for data collection purpose on five variables (advertising effectiveness, print, online, electronic and outdoor media). This study is likely to contribute to the literature by examining the role of media selection in effective advertising. Through this research report advertising agencies and companies can take better decision in marketing of their products and services on the other hand through general public opinions in questioner it is know that on which kind of media the consumer have more trust. In this study no sufficient relevant material was found to this topic in Asia specially Pakistan this means that decision makers in Pakistan are trying to improve advertising effectiveness without any proper analysis and market research. Descriptive analysis used to describe the data by using descriptive summary. Inferential analysis used to describe the relation between variables by checking the acceptance or rejection of hypothesis and to see the nature of relationship between variables. In inferential portion the study tested the relationship between advertising effectiveness (AE), print media (PM), online media (OL), electronic media (EM) and outdoor (OD). The descriptive analysis and correlations has been used for analysis purpose. The advertising effectiveness has been used as dependent variable as the representative of advertisement. The study found a relationship between AE and print media (PM), online media (OL), electronic media (EM) and outdoor (OD). The AE is positively related to all independent media and all the variables are statistically significant. The correlation between AE and print media (PM), online media (OL), electronic media (EM) is significant but the strength between both of the variables is moderate which shows that both variables have impact on each others. But (ODM) does have weak effect on advertising effectiveness. Limitations These findings shows that there were be lots of other factors that play role in enhancing advertising effectiveness but our variables have only 35 percent out of 100 which is very little although these studies only see the role of media selection in effective advertising so far in future studies it would be useful to include some other variables in the analysis as Advertising agencies and marketing policies etc may advances the value of the coefficient of determination? In spite of the contributions of the study, several factors may limit the value of the findings expected from the study. First, this study is limited to the advertising sector , thus the results may not be valid in other industries secondly this study is also limited to single job of media center selected because it represents a main job in advertisement of consumer product and is critical to the success of any product. Conclusion This study describes the facts of advertising effectiveness in a number of ways. It is found that if companies select print, online and electronic media for their consumer product advertising they can get better results because these Medias have positive relation with advertising effectiveness. But in case of outdoor media there is a lot of work is required to improve it because it have weak relation with advertising effectiveness so media agencies should use this medium in some effective ways in order to advertise their products through outdoor media and make it successful medium for advertising .This finding Concurs with the hypothesis that choosing first three media companies can get better result and choosing outdoor media have less effective results. Different medias have been studied to see the advertisement effectiveness and hence it is recommended on solid grounds that to choose electronic, online and outdoor media for their consumer product advertising in urban areas because people of cities have not enough time to read ads in magazines and newspapers on the other hand in rural areas where electronic media Like radio is the most effective medium of advertising. In the last, advertisers should use those methods of advertising which is according to knowledge, skills and abilities of their target customers.

Culutual Anthropology :: essays papers

Culutual Anthropology As an amateur anthropologist, I was to participate in my observation, which I did to the best of my ability. Choosing my topic was the most difficult for me. Coming to America there are so many options that I could choose to research. So what was I to do? Well, being in the state of Kentucky, Lexington at that, I decided to research a sporting event in which Americans call basketball. As soon as I stepped of the big metal bird, I saw a picture of a wild cat holding a round orange ball. I remember thinking, "I could never hunt these animals, they are too smart, they are nothing similar to the ones in the Outback of Australia. So I stopped the person that rode next to me on the metal bird, "What is that animal doing with that ball?" He remarked, "We are in Lexington, home of the Kentucky Wildcats." With that he walked away. How could Kentucky be considered the home of the wildcat? We have many in the Outback. So, I continued down the nest where the birds drink and rest. Then it finall y hit me, the name of the basketball team were the Wildcats. I was well on my way to find these "Kentucky Wildcats." I arrived where they house the wildcats that play ball. The name of the cage was Rupp Arena. Apparently, I was not the only one interested in watching these trained animals play the sport of basketball. The price to watch these animals were extremely expensive; thirty dollars in American currency which would translate into 300 of my own currency. Once inside the cage I found that it was not at all what I thought it to be. There was an enormous amount of people present. In my observation this event is the biggest that people in this culture attend. In this cage you could smell a variety of things. Some smells were all too familiar from home; the urine smell as you walked into the place where people went to relieve themselves reminded me of the "Hole." They had many different foods that smelled nothing like anything that I have ever smelled before. They had a brown thing that was twisted into a weird design; they had something that was in the form of a triangle that looked like a piece of bread with cheese on top and round meat.

A Marxist Analysis of the Accra Mall

3rd December, 2012. Marxist analysis of the Accra Mall Marxist describes the power struggle between different social classes in society. Marxism is further explained by certain concepts, such as ideology and hegemony, base and superstructure and reification. Ideology is a set of ideas or viewpoints that one social class has of another which influences the way they behave towards each other while hegemony refers to the way people act based on the ideas or ideologies that they hold and act out regarding other classes.Base and superstructure refers to the system whereby the working class, which represents the majority of the people, is ruled by the few, the owners of the sources of production. Marxism in essence can be seen in all walks of life and in various parts of our society. The Accra mall in Greater Accra is one such place. The Accra Mall is more than just an avenue to shop. The Accra Mall is the place to see and be seen. It is strategically located at the very tip of the Spintex Road, at the Tetteh Quashie Roundabout, in close proximity to a number of hotels, high end residential apartments and corporate buildings.In essence the mall caters to a certain class of people; the affluent in the Ghanaian society. It contains about twenty or so shops with mostly overpriced goods. There is a food court located right in the middle of the shopping mall with a playground for children. The mall’s general ambience, of money, expensive food, high end clothing and a large parking lot, usually overcrowded with flashy and expensive cars gives one a good idea of what to expect in the mall.The air of spending is further heightened by the presence of the numerous automated teller machines (ATM) placed at one part the mall. The neighborhood and the mall in general gives a clear cut distinction of who they serve and who serves them- it caters for the rich and wealthy that are served by the working class or the poor. The large parking lot mentioned earlier, constantly has a greater ratio of flashy cars to a very small number of not so nice cars. Without a doubt, it is evident that the mall is frequented by the upper classmen, or those who can afford to drive them.The price tags does not encourage the lower class to frequent the place because the products or items sold at the mall are above the financial means of a person for instance, the price of a bottle of soda at Rhapsody’s, one of the restaurants is ludicrously expensive and hence caters to the high class or the middle class that can spend extravagantly. On the other hand a restaurant like Pizza Inn prices the goods somewhat moderately to cater to all the classes. Another case is of two supermarkets, Game and Shoprite. It is common to see people coming out Game with few items.In contrast, Shoprite prices their goods that most people could at least buy a cookie from their bakery or a little toy for their children or a plate of nicely decorated and somewhat tasty meals. The people in the m all fall into two categories, as society dictates; the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. The proletariat is made up of the janitors, the shop attendants, security guards and basically people who are not likely to spend in the mall. The other group, mainly made up of the business men and women, doctors and lawyers are mainly the customers; the proletariat.The shop attendants, the janitors and security guards depend on the purchasing and patronized services of the customers, in this case the bourgeoisie, to spend at the mall, so that they can earn money. The bourgeoisie are catered to by the proletariat at the mall. They serve them at the mall and are the people who work â€Å"behind the scenes† to make things the way they are for the bourgeoisie to enjoy. The proletariats on the other hand are employed by the bourgeoisie and depend on them for their livelihood. At the Accra Mall, there is a general reaction by the shop owners and the other people, based on the way people look.P eople are profiled into either whether they are of high class or a low class, in other words, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The society has a way of classifying people by the way they dress. If your clothes appear trendy or fashionable enough then you must be in the upper class. The proletariats on the other hand are looked down upon immediately because they are judged to be the lower class based on their dressing and are hence treated as potential shoplifters or people up to no good. Marxism permeates all areas of our society; healthcare, in education and in a number of other aspects of life. The Accra Mall is one such place.People of all sorts can be identified here, and there in lie the groups of the bourgeoisie and proletariat. There is a constant, somewhat passive struggle for power. While the bourgeoisie (the rich, upper class, wealthy customers) continue to revel in their spending and high end lifestyle, the proletariat (the janitors, the security guards and staff in g eneral) work long hours to try to attain a respectful position in life, to become like the bourgeoisie. As long as the society continues to go on in this manner, Marxist theory of power struggle will continue to be relevant in explaining such conflict.

History of Social Psychology Essay Essays

History of Social Psychology Essay Essays History of Social Psychology Essay Essay History of Social Psychology Essay Essay As a scientific subject. societal psychological science is merely a spot older than one hundred old ages. with most of the growing happening during the past five decennaries ( McGarty A ; Haslam. 1997 ) . By most criterions. societal psychological science is a comparatively immature scientific discipline. In discoursing the discipline’s history. it should be noted that there are two societal psychological sciences. one in psychological science and the other in sociology. with the larger of the two being the psychological subdivision ( Jones. 1998 ) . The cardinal focal point of psychological societal psychological science is how the single responds to societal stimulations. whereas sociological societal psychological science focal points on larger group or social variables. such as people’s socioeconomic position. their societal functions. and cultural norms ( Stryker. 1997 ) . Although there have been calls to unify the two societal psychological sciences into a individual field ( Backman. 1983 ) -- and even a joint psychology-sociology doctorial plan at the University of Michigan from 1946 to 1967–their different orientations make it doubtful that this will transpirate in the foreseeable hereafter. In this historical overview. the psychological subdivision of th e subject will be highlighted. Wundt and The Dawning of a Scientific Discipline: 1862-1894 German psychologist Wilhelm Wundt ( 1832-1921 ) . who is widely regarded as the laminitis of psychological science. had a manus in the early development of what would go societal psychological science. In 1862. Wundt proposed that there should be two subdivisions of psychological science: physiological psychological science and societal or folk psychological science ( Volkerpsychologie ) . Largely due to his influential Hagiographas. by 1900 Germany’s one-year bibliography of the psychological literature listed over 200 articles per twelvemonth under the heading â€Å"social psychological science. † Despite his influence in determining societal psychological science in Europe. Wundt’s thoughts had small impact on American societal scientists because his Hagiographas were non translated into English and his construct of psychological science as the â€Å"science of the mind† was incompatible with the new behaviourist position in the United States that emerg ed during the early old ages of the twentieth century. Underliing behaviourism was a doctrine known as logical positivism. which contended that cognition should be expressed in footings that could be verified through empirical observation or through direct observation. This new â€Å"science of behavior† had small usage for Wundt’s construct of societal psychological science. This was particularly true for the societal psychological science developing in psychological science in America. but less so for sociological societal psychological science. Thus. psychological societal psychological science in America. which would go the rational nucleus of the subject. developed mostly outside the kingdom of Wundtian influence. The Early Old ages: 1895–1935 An American psychologist at Indiana University. Norman Triplett. is by and large credited with holding conducted the first empirical societal psychological survey. In 1895 Triplett asked the undermentioned inquiry: â€Å"How does a person’s public presentation of a undertaking alteration when other people are present? † The inquiry was prompted by Triplett detecting that a bike racer’s velocity was faster when he was paced by other bicyclers than when he raced entirely. Bing a racing partisan and wanting to larn what caused these different race times. he devised the first societal scientific experiment. In this survey. he asked kids to rapidly weave line on a fishing reel either entirely or in the presence of other kids executing the same undertaking. As he had predicted. the kids wound the line faster when in the presence of other kids. Published in 1897. this survey is credited with presenting the experimental method into the societal scientific disciplines. Despite the significance of this survey. it took a full coevals for research workers to understand the societal psychological kineticss underlying Triplett’s findings ( see the chapter 10 treatment of societal facilitation ) . Despite this achievement. Triplett did nil to set up societal psychological science as a distinguishable subfield of psychological science. Recognition for this accomplishment goes to the first writers of text editions bearing that rubric. viz. . English psychologist William McDougall and American sociologist Edward Ross. who each published separate texts in 1908. Consistent with the modern-day position in psychological societal psychological science. McDougall considered the person to be the chief unit of analysis in this new scientific discipline. while Ross. true to the modern-day sociological societal psychological science position. highlighted groups. Despite the startup of this new subfield within psychological science and sociology. societal psychological science still lacked a distinguishable individuality. How was it different from the other subdisciplines within the two larger subjects? What were its methods of enquiry? In 1924 a 3rd societal psychological science text. published by Floyd Allport ( older brother of Gordon Allport ) . went a long manner in replying these inquiries for psychological societal psychological science. Reading his words today. you can see the emerging position that would one twenty-four hours pervade the psychological subdivision of the field: I believe that merely within the single can we happen the behavior mechanisms and consciousness which are cardinal in the interactions between individuals†¦ . There is no psychological science of groups which is non basically and wholly a psychological science of individuals†¦ . Psychology in all its subdivisions is a scientific discipline of the person. ( Allport. 1924. p. 4 ) Allport’s construct of societal psychological science was proposed eleven old ages after John Watson ushered in the behaviourist epoch in American psychological science. Allport’s trade name of societal psychological science emphasized how the individual responds to stimuli in the societal environment. with the group simply being one of many such stimulations. Beyond this emerging individualist and behaviourist cast. Allport further shaped the individuality of American societal psychological science by lauding the virtuousnesss of the experimental method in analyzing such subjects as conformance. gestural communicating. and societal facilitation. The chase of societal psychological cognition through carefully controlled experimental processs would progressively qualify the field in the coming old ages. As Allport’s construct of societal psychological science gained American disciples. German societal psychological science was being shaped by the Gestalt position. which rejected both the bing European-inspired impression of a group head and the American individualist stand that groups were non existent in themselves. Alternatively. Gestalt societal psychologists contended that the societal environment is made up non merely of persons. but of dealingss between persons. and these relationships have of import psychological deductions. Therefore. Gestalt societal psychologists promoted an apprehension of groups as existent societal entities. which straight led to the tradition of group procedures and group kineticss that still exists today. These two schools of idea within psychological societal psychological science. one in America and the other in Germany. which were developing independent of one another. would shortly be thrust together due to events on the universe scene. The Coming of Age: 1936–1945 During the first three decennaries of the 20th century. Allport’s construct of societal psychological science emphasized basic research. with small consideration given to turn toing specific societal jobs or broader issues bearing on reform. However. by the mid-1930s. the subject was poised for farther growing and enlargement. The events that had the greatest impact on societal psychological science at this critical occasion in its history were the Great Depression in the United States and the societal and political turbulences in Europe generated by the First and Second World Wars. Following the stock market clang of 1929. many immature psychologists were unable to happen or keep occupations. Experiencing firsthand the impact of social forces. many of them adopted the broad ideals of the Roosevelt â€Å"New Dealers† or the more extremist leftist political positions of the socialist and communist parties. In 1936 these societal scientists formed an organisation dedicated to the scientific survey of of import societal issues and the support for progressive societal action ( Stagner. 1986 ) . This organisation. known as the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues ( SPSSI ) . contained many societal psychologists who were interested in using their newly developed theories and political activism to real-world jobs. One of the of import parts of SPSSI to societal psychological science was. and continues to be. the extract of moralss and values into the treatment of societal life. Its immediate impact on societal psychological science in the 1930s was to inculcate a more applied character to research. New countries of research spawned during this decennary were intergroup dealingss. leading. propaganda. organisational behaviour. voting behaviour. and consumer behaviour. In other states. universe events triggered alterations that farther distinguished American societal psychological science from its scientific cousins abroad. For illustration. the communist revolution in Russia at the terminal of the First World War led to a purge of individualist-oriented research and theorizing. a development that stood in blunt contrast to the increasing focal point on the person within American societal psychological science. In 1936. the Soviet Union’s Communist Party forbids the usage of psychological trials in assorted applied scenes. which efficaciously prohibited the survey of single differences. At the same clip. the rise of fascism in Germany. Spain. and Italy created a strong philistine and anti-semitic ambiance in these states. To get away this persecution. a figure of Europe’s taking societal scientists. such as Fritz Heider. Gustav Ichheiser. Kurt Lewin. and Theodor Adorno. immigrated to America. When the United States entered the war. many societal psychologists- both American and European- applied their cognition of human behaviour in a broad assortment of wartime plans. including the choice of officers for the Office of Strategic Services ( the precursor of the Central Intelligence Agency ) and the undermining of enemy morale ( Hoffman. 1992 ) . The constructive work ensuing from this coaction demonstrated the practical utility of societal psychological science. During this clip of planetary discord. one of the most influential societal psychologists was Kurt Lewin. a Judaic refugee from Nazi Germany. Lewin was instrumental in establishing SPSSI and served as its president in 1941. He steadfastly believed that societal psychological science did non hold to do a pick between being either a pure scientific discipline or an applied scientific discipline. His oft-repeated axiom. â€Å"No research without action. and no action without research† continues to act upon societal psychologists interested in using their cognition to current societal jobs ( Ash. 1992 ) . By the clip of his decease in 1947 at the age of 57. Lewin had provided many of societal psychology’s specifying features ( Lewin. 1936 ; Lewin et Al. . 1939 ) . With the terminal of the war. chances were bright for societal psychological science in North America. Based on their heightened stature in the scientific community. societal psychologists established new research installations. secured authorities grants. and. most of import. trained graduate pupils. These future societal psychologists were preponderantly white. male. and in-between category. Many of their wise mans were the European bookmans who had fled their native states and so remained in America following the war. Yet. while societal psychological science was booming in this state. the annihilating effects of the universe war virtually destroyed the subject overseas. In this postwar period. the United States emerged as the undisputed universe power. and merely as it exported its material goods to other states. it exported its societal psychological science every bit good. This trade name of societal psychological science reflected the political political orientation of America n society and the societal jobs encountered within its boundaries ( Farr. 1996 ) . Rapid Expansion: 1946–1969 With its extract of European intellectuals and the late trained immature American societal psychologists. the maturating scientific discipline of societal psychological science expanded its theoretical and research base. To understand how a civilised society like Germany could fall under the influence of a pitiless rabble-rouser like Adolf Hitler. Theodor Adorno and his co-workers ( Adorno et al. . 1950 ) studied the psychological parametric quantities of the autocratic personality. Some old ages subsequently. Stanley Milgram ( 1963 ) extended this line of research in his now celebrated obeisance experiments. which examined the conditions that make people more likely to obey destructive authorization figures. Social psychologists besides focused their attending on the influence that the group had on the person ( Asch. 1956 ) and of the power of persuasive communicating ( Hovland et al. . 1949 ) . Arguably the most important line of research and speculating during this period was Leon Festinger’s theory of cognitive disagreement ( Festinger. 1957 ) . This theory asserted that people’s ideas and actions were motivated by a desire to keep cognitive consistence. The simpleness of the theory and its frequently surprising findings generated involvement and enthusiasm both inside and outside of societal psychological science for many old ages. Social psychology’s concern with social bias continued to asseverate itself during the fiftiess. For illustration. the 1954 U. S. Supreme Court determination to stop the pattern of racially segregated instruction was partially based on Kenneth Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark’s research bespeaking that segregation negatively affected the self-concept of Black kids. In that same twelvemonth. Gordon Allport ( brother of Floyd Allport ) provided a theoretical lineation for how integration might cut down racial bias. What came to be known as the contact hypothesis was a societal psychological design for cut downing ill will between groups by pull stringsing situational variables. This perspective toward understanding and â€Å"fixing† bias better fit the behaviourist societal psychological science practiced in America than the earlier developed autocratic personality attack. The decennary of the sixtiess was a clip of convulsion in the United States. with the state caught in the clasp of political blackwashs. urban force. societal protests. and the Vietnam War. Peoples were seeking for constructive ways to alter society for the better. Following this lead. societal psychologists devoted more research clip to such subjects as aggression. assisting. attractive force. and love. The groundbreaking research of Elaine Hatfield and Ellen Berscheid ( Berscheid A ; Hatfield. 1969 ; Hatfield et Al. . 1966 ) on interpersonal and romantic attractive force. for illustration. was non merely of import in widening the range of societal psychological enquiry. but it besides generated considerable contention outside the field. A figure of public functionaries and ordinary citizens thought societal scientists should non seek to understand the enigmas of love affair. Less controversial was the bystander intercession research conducted by Bibb Latane and John Darley ( 1968 ) . which was inspired by the 1984 slaying of Kitty Genovese in New York City. Despite the chariness of some. during the 1960s the federal authorities expanded its efforts to bring around social ailments with the counsel of societal scientists. Within this cultural context. the figure of societal psychologists rose dramatically. Among these new societal scientists were an increasing figure of adult females and. to a lesser grade. minority members. Whole new lines of enquiry into societal behaviour commenced. with an increasing involvement in the interaction of the societal state of affairs with personality factors. The battalion and diverseness of these lines of research would go on into the undermentioned decennaries ( Pion et al. . 1996 ) . Crisis and Reassesesment: 1970–1984 When societal psychological science foremost emerged from World War II and embarked on its rapid enlargement. one of the innovators in the field. Theodore Newcomb ( 1951 ) . expressed concern that outlooks were greater than anything that could be delivered in the close hereafter. By the seventiess. when solutions to societal jobs were no closer to being solved. and as the utility and moralss of experimental research came under increased examination. a â€Å"crisis of confidence† emerged ( Elms. 1975 ) . When this letdown and unfavorable judgment was followed by accusals from adult females and minorities that past research and theory reflected the prejudices of a white. male-dominated position of world. many began to reevaluate the field’s basic premises. Fortunately. out of this crisis emerged a more critical and inclusive field of societal psychological science. More strict ethical criterions were established. and although experiments remained the method of pick. research workers began carry oning more correlational surveies. every bit good as using other methods. Sing accusals of racial and gender prejudice. societal psychological science began traveling toward more responsible places. but such prejudices have yet to be eliminated from the subject ( Graham. 1992 ; Tesser A ; Bau. 2002 ) . Another of import development during this clip period was the importation of thoughts from cognitive psychological science in explicating societal behaviour. This â€Å"cognitive revolution† ( see p. 00 ) greatly enhanced theory and research in all countries of societal psychological science. and its impact persists today. Attach toing the societal cognitive accent was renewed involvement in the construct of the ego. which antecedently had been the focal point of merely sociological societal psychologists. However. with the declining influence of behaviourism. psychological societal psychologists rediscovered the penetrations of establishing societal scientists such as William James. John Dewey. Charles Horton Cooley. and George Herbert Mead. Soon the ego became a cardinal construct within psychological societal psychological science. An Expanding Global and Interdisciplinary View of Social Psychology: 1985–present By the seventiess. both European and Latin American societal psychological associations had been founded. and in 1995. the Asian Association of Social Psychology was formed. The societal psychological science that developed overseas placed more accent on intergroup and social variables in explicating societal behaviour than did its American cousin. In the mid-1980s. this abroad influence began to reshape the subject. as societal psychologists throughout the universe actively exchanged thoughts and collaborated on transnational surveies ( Fiske et al. . 1998 ; Vala et Al. . 1996 ) . Many of the new thoughts about societal behaviour were generated by bookmans from collectivized civilizations who were raised within societies that have a really different position on the relationship between the person and the group than that within the societies of traditional societal psychologists. Subsequent cross-cultural research found that certain societal beliefs and behaviours that were antecedently considered cosmopolitan were in actuality particular to the socialisation patterns of individualist civilizations. Based on these findings. considerable research attending was devoted to finding which facets of human behaviour are civilization specific–due to conditions bing within a peculiar culture–and which 1s are due to human’s shared evolutionary heritage. Although societal psychology’s â€Å"professional centre of gravity† still resides in the United States. European and Third World societal psychological science offers the full field chances to get away what some consider the restrictions of this â€Å"gravitational pull† to comprehend new universes of societal world ( Shinha. 2003 ; Tam et Al. . 2003 ) . This multicultural position will go on to steer research in the coming old ages. Contemporary societal psychologists have besides continued the bequest of Kurt Lewin and SPSSI by using their cognition to a broad sphere of mundane life. such as jurisprudence. wellness. instruction. political relations. athleticss. and concern ( Ellsworth A ; Mauro. 1998 ; Kinder. 1998 ; Salovey et Al. . 1998 ) . This involvement in using the rules and findings of societal psychological science is a natural branch of the hunt for apprehension. Despite the laterality of societal knowledge in the 1980s. some societal psychologists raised concerns about the comparative deficiency of focal point on emotions and motivations in explicating societal thought. These critics of bing societal cognitive theories argued that to believe of motivations and affect as simply end merchandises in a cardinal processing system was to dehumanise societal psychological science. In the early 1990s. a figure of societal psychologists sought to set up a more balanced position by intermixing the traditional hot and cold positions into what some have termed the Warm Look. These revised social-cognitive theories proposed that people employ multiple cognitive schemes based on their current ends. motivations. and demands. Theorists typically developed dual-process theoretical accounts. intending that societal thought and behaviour is determined by two different ways of apprehension and reacting to societal stimulations. One manner of information processing- related to the cold position legacy–is based on effortful. brooding thought. in which no action is taken until its possible effects are decently weighed and evaluated. The alternate manner of treating information–related to the hot position legacy- is based on minimum cognitive attempt. in which behaviour is impetuously and accidentally activated by emotions. wonts. or biological thrusts. frequently below the â€Å"radar† of consciousness. Which of the two avenues of information processing people take at any given clip is the topic of ongoing research. This attending to both expressed and inexplicit knowledge has late prompted societal psychologists to research how nervous activity in the encephalon is associated with assorted societal psychological procedures. including self-awareness. self-regulation. attitude formation and alteration. group interaction. and bias. Although the Numberss of societal psychologists who pursue such research is still comparatively little. the cognition they get refering the biological science of societal behaviour will doubtless play a function in reshaping bing theories. Indeed. the U. S. federal government’s National Institute of Mental Health- which has an one-year budget of 1. 3 billion dollars–has late given precedence to research grants that combine societal psychological science and neuroscience. In reasoning this historical overview. if the life of a scientific subject is correspondent to a person’s life. so modern-day societal psychological science is best idea of as a â€Å"young adult† in the societal scientific disciplines. Compared with some of the more constituted scientific disciplines. societal psychological science is â€Å"barely dry behind the ears† and still capable to turning strivings ( Abrams A ; Hogg. 2004 ; Brewer. 2004 ; Rozin. 2001 ) . Yet it is a subject where new and advanced thoughts are remarkably welcome. where new theoretical attacks and scientific methods from other scientific subjects are on a regular basis incorporated into the survey of societal thought and behaviour. and where members of the subject regularly inquiry the societal significance of their findings. In this on-going critical self-assessment. most societal psychologists are confident that their still-young scientific discipline will go on uncovering of import pen etrations into how we function as societal animals. Some of the mileposts of the field are listed in table 1. Table 1Some Milestones in the Field of Social Psychology The Dawning of a New Discipline and Early Old ages 1862: Wilhelm Wundt proposes that psychological science set up human or societal scientific disciplines ( Geisteswissenschaften ) to analyze the higher mental procedures affecting linguistic communication. societal patterns and imposts. faith. and art. 1897: Norman Triplett publishes the first scientific survey of societal behaviour. on a subject that was subsequently called societal facilitation. 1900: Wundt publishes the first volume of what would go a authoritative 10-volume set of Volkerpsychologie ( common people or societal psychological science ) which analyzed a broad assortment of societal idea and behaviour. 1908: Psychologist William McDougall and sociologist Edward Ross individually publish societal psychological science text editions. 1920: Willy Hellpach founds the first Institute for Social Psychology inGermany. Hitler’s rise to power leads to the institute’s death in 1933. 1924: Floyd Allport publishes the 3rd societal psychological science text. clearly placing the focal point for the psychological subdivision of the subject and covering many subjects that are still studied today. 1925: Edward Bogardus develops the societal distance graduated table to mensurate attitudes toward cultural groups. Shortly. Louis Thurstone ( 1928 ) and Rensis Likert ( 1932 ) further beforehand attitude graduated table development. 1934: George Herbert Mead’s book Mind. Self. and Society is published. emphasizing the interaction between the ego and others. The Coming-of-Age Old ages 1936: The Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues is founded. Muzafir Sherif publishes The Psychology of Social Norms. depicting research on norm formation. 1939: John Dollard and his co-workers introduce the frustration-aggression hypothesis. 1941–1945: Social psychologists are recruited by the U. S. authorities for the war attempt. Rapid Expansion Old ages 1949: Carl Hovland and his co-workers print their first experiments on attitude alteration and persuasion. 1950: Theodor Adorno and his co-workers print The Authoritarian Personality. which examines how utmost bias can be shaped by personality struggles in childhood. 1951: Solomon Asch demonstrates conformance to false bulk judgements. 1954: Gordon Allport publishes The Nature of Prejudice. which provides the model for much of the future research on bias. Social psychologists provide cardinal testimony in the U. S. Supreme Court integration instance. Brown v. Board of Education. 1957: Leon Festinger publishes A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. stressing the demand for consistence between knowledge and behaviour. 1958: Fritz Heider publishes The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. puting the basis for ascription theory. 1963: Stanley Milgram publishes his obeisance research. showing under what conditions people are likely to obey destructive authorization figures. 1965: The Society of Experimental Social Psychology is founded. Edward Jones and Kenneth Davis print their thoughts on societal perceptual experience. exciting ascription and societal knowledge research. Rapid Expansion Old ages 1966: The European Association of Experimental Social Psychology is founded. Elaine ( Walster ) Hatfield and her co-workers print the first surveies of romantic attractive force. 1968: John Darley and Bibb Latane present the bystander intercession theoretical account. explicating why people frequently do non assist in exigencies. Crisis and Reassessment Old ages 1972: Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior. written by six influential ascription theoreticians. is published. Robert Wicklund and Shelley Duval publish Objective Self-Awareness Theory. depicting how self-awareness influences knowledge and behaviour. 1974: The Society for Personality and Social Psychology ( SPSP ) is founded. Sandra Bem develops the Bem Sex Role Inventory and Janet Spence and Robert Helmreich develop the Personal Attributes Questionnaire. both of which step gender functions. 1981: Alice Eagly and her co-workers begin carry oning meta-analyses of gender comparings in societal behaviour. reopening the argument on gender differences. 1984: Susan Fiske and Shelly Taylor publish Social Cognition. sum uping theory and research on the societal cognitive position in societal psychological science. The Expanding Global and Interdisciplinary View Years 1986: Richard Petty and John Cacioppo publish Communication and Persuasion: Central and Peripheral Routes. depicting a dual-process theoretical account of persuasion. 1989: Jennifer Crocker and Brenda Major print their Psychological Review article on â€Å"Social Stigma and Self-Esteem. † analyzing how people respond to being the marks of favoritism. 1991: Hazel Markus and Shinobu Kitayama print their Psychological Review article on how civilization shapes the ego. 1995: Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson publish â€Å"Stereotype Menace and the Intellectual Test Performance of African Americans† in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. showing their research on how negative stereotypes can determine rational individuality and public presentation. 1996: David Buss and Neal Malamuth publish Sex. Power. Conflict. an emended text offering evolutionary and feminist positions on sex and gender interactions. A turning figure of societal psychologists attempt to incorporate these antecedently divergent positions. ( Because the transition of clip finally determines what events significantly shape a field. I will wait a few old ages before adding any more mileposts to this list. )

Sewanee, University of the South - Admission Data

Sewanee, University of the South - Admission Data Sewanee Admissions Overview: Students applying to Sewanee do not need to submit scores from the SAT or ACTstudents can submit these scores if theyd like, but its not a requirement. Students are required to submit an application to Sewanee through the Common Applicationwhich can save time and money for applicants applying to multiple schools that use that application. With an acceptance rate of 44%, the school is fairly selectivesuccessful applicants generally have good grades, a well-rounded academic background, and a strong application. Will You Get In? Calculate Your Chances of Getting In  with this free tool from Cappex Admissions Data (2016): Sewanee Acceptance Rate: 44%GPA, SAT and ACT Graph for Sewanee AdmissionsTest Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: - / -SAT Math: - / -SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanTennessee colleges SAT comparisonACT Composite: - / -ACT English: - / -ACT Math: - / -ACT Writing: - / -What these ACT numbers meanTennessee colleges ACT comparison Sewanee Description: Sewanee: The University of the South, stands on a 13,000 acre campus on the Cumberland Plateau between Chattanooga and Nashville in Tennessee. A small college, Sewanees liberal arts curriculum places students first. Every class at Sewanee is taught be a professor, not grad students, and the university boasts an 11 to 1  student faculty / ratio.  Average class size is 18 in the first year, 13 in later years. Sewanee has produced 25 Rhodes Scholars, a remarkable number for a school of about 1,500 students. English is particularly strong, and the university is home to  The Sewanee Review  and Sewanee Writers Conference. In athletics, popular sports include football, lacrosse, soccer, softball, track and field, and tennis. Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 1,815  (1,731  undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 47% Male / 53% Female99% Full-time Costs (2016  - 17): Tuition and Fees: $42,400Books: $1,200 (why so much?)Room and Board: $12,100Other Expenses: $1,750Total Cost: $57,450 Sewanee Financial Aid (2015  - 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 85%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 84%Loans: 35%Average Amount of AidGrants: $21,168Loans: $5,405 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Biology, Economics, English, Global Studies, History, Political Science, Psychology What major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 88%Transfer-out Rate: 15%4-Year Graduation Rate: 79%6-Year Graduation Rate: 82% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Football, Lacrosse, Soccer, Golf, Tennis, Basketball, Baseball, Track and Field, Cross CountryWomens Sports:  Field Hockey, Lacrosse, Softball, Soccer, Volleyball, Tennis, Basketball, Cheerleading Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like Sewanee, You May Also Like These Schools: Vanderbilt University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBelmont University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphWake Forest University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphEmory University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphDuke University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBerry College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphElon University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Virginia: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUNC - Chapel Hill: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphKenyon College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphAuburn University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphFurman University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph

Michelangelos First Painting Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Michelangelos First Painting - Term Paper Example This essay discusses the Michelangelo’s first painting, that was the Torment of Saint Anthony. The researcher states that it is believed to be the â€Å"earliest known painting† of Michelangelo in the age of â€Å"12 or 13 years old†. It is dated back to â€Å"1487-88,† when Michelangelo had befriended an assistant in â€Å"the workshop of Domenico Ghirlandaio in Florence† which did an engraving of Saint Anthony from a â€Å"German master called Martin Schongauer†. The issue is discussed in the essay by the researcher whether it is the master – who spectacularly painted the Sistine Chapels in Vatican – has did the painting or other artists in the workshop is an immense matter of interest among art experts. But circumstances of the time of Michelangelo’s painting had magnified the possibility that indeed the Torment is Michelangelo’s first painting. It is also said that during the development of the said painting, t he Michelangelo visited fish market "portray fish scales†. The researcher also mentiones that if Torment is indeed Michelangelo’s, then it will be a prized find by the Kimbell Art Museum in America. The researcher describes the over-all composition of the work, it's visual elements and design principles as well as interpretation of the work and the aesthetics and the meaning of the work. The researcher then concluds that the painting itself is more than beautiful – it is meaningful even. All the elements complement well with the theme and the use of dramatic colors and striking lines made the painting simply meaningful.

Employee relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Employee relations - Essay Example The model they suggest is a partnership between labour and management that would result in a â€Å"high performance workplace with mutual gains for both the organisation and workers.† (Betcherman et al., 1994; Guest, 1995 and Verma, 1995 cited in Bratton et al. 1999: 334). Any changes that sweep society in the economic, social and political fields, not to speak of technological advancements will have inevitable consequences in the employer-employee relationship. Consequently, in Britain, mass unemployment of the 1980s and various legislations that curtailed union activities have had a marked effect on the bargaining power of labour because of the reduction in trade union membership and institutional protection. These developments corroborate Dunlop’s theory of industrial relations systems described below. However the trend is not unique to the United Kingdom and is attributable to increased competition at the local, regional and global levels and heightened consumer expectations. A trade union is defined as â€Å"a continuous association of wage earners for the purpose of maintaining and improving the conditions of their employment.† (Webb, Sydney & Webb, Beatrice cited in Trade Union). Does this mean that by definition, there is a conflict of interest between a trade union that represents its members and the organisation that employs those members as workers, more so if the organisation is in the public sector? The objective of this paper is to analyse the conundrum by taking recourse to theoretical bases and wherever possible their practical applications. 1.2. John Dunlop’s theory of industrial relations systems: In his 1958 classic, Industrial Relations Systems, John T. Dunlop, described the role of three principle actors in all industrial relations systems. They are, management organisations, workers (whether